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Prototype Methods

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In the first chapter of this section, we mentioned that there are modern methods to setup a prototype.

The __proto__ is considered outdated and somewhat deprecated (in browser-only part of the JavaScript standard).

The modern methods are:

These should be used instead of __proto__.

For instance:

let animal = {
  eats: true
};

// create a new object with animal as a prototype
*!*
let rabbit = Object.create(animal);
*/!*

alert(rabbit.eats); // true

*!*
alert(Object.getPrototypeOf(rabbit) === animal); // true
*/!*

*!*
Object.setPrototypeOf(rabbit, {}); // change the prototype of rabbit to {}
*/!*

Object.create has an optional second argument: property descriptors. We can provide additional properties to the new object there, like this:

let animal = {
  eats: true
};

let rabbit = Object.create(animal, {
  jumps: {
    value: true
  }
});

alert(rabbit.jumps); // true

The descriptors are in the same format as described in the chapter info:property-descriptors.

We can use Object.create to perform an object cloning more powerful than copying properties in for..in:

let clone = Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(obj), Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(obj));

This call makes a truly exact copy of obj, including all properties: enumerable and non-enumerable, data properties and setters/getters -- everything, and with the right [[Prototype]].

Brief history

If we count all the ways to manage [[Prototype]], there are a lot! Many ways to do the same thing!

Why?

That's for historical reasons.

  • The "prototype" property of a constructor function has worked since very ancient times.
  • Later, in the year 2012, Object.create appeared in the standard. It gave the ability to create objects with a given prototype, but did not provide the ability to get/set it. So browsers implemented the non-standard __proto__ accessor that allowed the user to get/set a prototype at any time.
  • Later, in the year 2015, Object.setPrototypeOf and Object.getPrototypeOf were added to the standard, to perform the same functionality as __proto__. As __proto__ was de-facto implemented everywhere, it was kind-of deprecated and made its way to the Annex B of the standard, that is: optional for non-browser environments.

As of now we have all these ways at our disposal.

Why was __proto__ replaced by the functions getPrototypeOf/setPrototypeOf? That's an interesting question, requiring us to understand why __proto__ is bad. Read on to get the answer.

```warn header="Don't change [[Prototype]] on existing objects if speed matters"
Technically, we can get/set [[Prototype]] at any time. But usually we only set it once at the object creation time and don't modify it anymore: rabbit inherits from animal, and that is not going to change.

And JavaScript engines are highly optimized for this. Changing a prototype "on-the-fly" with Object.setPrototypeOf or obj.__proto__= is a very slow operation as it breaks internal optimizations for object property access operations. So avoid it unless you know what you're doing, or JavaScript speed totally doesn't matter for you.


## "Very plain" objects [#very-plain]

As we know, objects can be used as associative arrays to store key/value pairs.

...But if we try to store *user-provided* keys in it (for instance, a user-entered dictionary), we can see an interesting glitch: all keys work fine except `"__proto__"`.

Check out the example:

```js run
let obj = {};

let key = prompt("What's the key?", "__proto__");
obj[key] = "some value";

alert(obj[key]); // [object Object], not "some value"!

Here, if the user types in __proto__, the assignment is ignored!

That shouldn't surprise us. The __proto__ property is special: it must be either an object or null. A string can not become a prototype.

But we didn't intend to implement such behavior, right? We want to store key/value pairs, and the key named "__proto__" was not properly saved. So that's a bug!

Here the consequences are not terrible. But in other cases we may be assigning object values, and then the prototype may indeed be changed. As a result, the execution will go wrong in totally unexpected ways.

What's worse -- usually developers do not think about such possibility at all. That makes such bugs hard to notice and even turn them into vulnerabilities, especially when JavaScript is used on server-side.

Unexpected things also may happen when assigning to toString, which is a function by default, and to other built-in methods.

How can we avoid this problem?

First, we can just switch to using Map for storage instead of plain objects, then everything's fine.

But Object can also serve us well here, because language creators gave thought to that problem long ago.

__proto__ is not a property of an object, but an accessor property of Object.prototype:

So, if obj.__proto__ is read or set, the corresponding getter/setter is called from its prototype, and it gets/sets [[Prototype]].

As it was said in the beginning of this tutorial section: __proto__ is a way to access [[Prototype]], it is not [[Prototype]] itself.

Now, if we intend to use an object as an associative array and be free of such problems, we can do it with a little trick:

*!*
let obj = Object.create(null);
*/!*

let key = prompt("What's the key?", "__proto__");
obj[key] = "some value";

alert(obj[key]); // "some value"

Object.create(null) creates an empty object without a prototype ([[Prototype]] is null):

So, there is no inherited getter/setter for __proto__. Now it is processed as a regular data property, so the example above works right.

We can call such objects "very plain" or "pure dictionary" objects, because they are even simpler than the regular plain object {...}.

A downside is that such objects lack any built-in object methods, e.g. toString:

*!*
let obj = Object.create(null);
*/!*

alert(obj); // Error (no toString)

...But that's usually fine for associative arrays.

Note that most object-related methods are Object.something(...), like Object.keys(obj) -- they are not in the prototype, so they will keep working on such objects:

let chineseDictionary = Object.create(null);
chineseDictionary.hello = "你好";
chineseDictionary.bye = "再见";

alert(Object.keys(chineseDictionary)); // hello,bye

Summary

Modern methods to set up and directly access the prototype are:

The built-in __proto__ getter/setter is unsafe if we'd want to put user-generated keys into an object. Just because a user may enter "__proto__" as the key, and there'll be an error, with hopefully light, but generally unpredictable consequences.

So we can either use Object.create(null) to create a "very plain" object without __proto__, or stick to Map objects for that.

Also, Object.create provides an easy way to shallow-copy an object with all descriptors:

let clone = Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(obj), Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(obj));

We also made it clear that __proto__ is a getter/setter for [[Prototype]] and resides in Object.prototype, just like other methods.

We can create an object without a prototype by Object.create(null). Such objects are used as "pure dictionaries", they have no issues with "__proto__" as the key.

Other methods:

All methods that return object properties (like Object.keys and others) -- return "own" properties. If we want inherited ones, we can use for..in.