The JavaScript language

Till now, we've learned about the following complex data structures:

Objects are used for storing keyed collections.
Arrays are used for storing ordered collections.

But that's not enough for real life. That's why Map and Set also exist.

Map

Map is a collection of keyed data items, just like an Object. But the main difference is that Map allows keys of any type.

Methods and properties are:

new Map() -- creates the map.
map.set(key, value) -- stores the value by the key.
map.get(key) -- returns the value by the key, undefined if key doesn't exist in map.
map.has(key) -- returns true if the key exists, false otherwise.
map.delete(key) -- removes the value by the key.
map.clear() -- removes everything from the map.
map.size -- returns the current element count.

For instance:

let map = new Map();

map.set('1', 'str1');   // a string key
map.set(1, 'num1');     // a numeric key
map.set(true, 'bool1'); // a boolean key

// remember the regular Object? it would convert keys to string
// Map keeps the type, so these two are different:
alert( map.get(1)   ); // 'num1'
alert( map.get('1') ); // 'str1'

alert( map.size ); // 3

As we can see, unlike objects, keys are not converted to strings. Any type of key is possible.

```smart header="map[key] isn't the right way to use a Map"
Although map[key] also works, e.g. we can set map[key] = 2, this is treating map as a plain JavaScript object, so it implies all corresponding limitations (only string/symbol keys and so on).

So we should use map methods: set, get and so on.


**Map can also use objects as keys.**

For instance:

```js run
let john = { name: "John" };

// for every user, let's store their visits count
let visitsCountMap = new Map();

// john is the key for the map
visitsCountMap.set(john, 123);

alert( visitsCountMap.get(john) ); // 123

Using objects as keys is one of the most notable and important Map features. The same does not count for Object. String as a key in Object is fine, but we can't use another Object as a key in Object.

Let's try:

let john = { name: "John" };
let ben = { name: "Ben" };

let visitsCountObj = {}; // try to use an object

visitsCountObj[ben] = 234; // try to use ben object as the key
visitsCountObj[john] = 123; // try to use john object as the key, ben object will get replaced

*!*
// That's what got written!
alert( visitsCountObj["[object Object]"] ); // 123 
*/!*

As visitsCountObj is an object, it converts all Object keys, such as john and ben above, to same string "[object Object]". Definitely not what we want.

```smart header="How Map compares keys"
To test keys for equivalence, Map uses the algorithm SameValueZero. It is roughly the same as strict equality ===, but the difference is that NaN is considered equal to NaN. So NaN can be used as the key as well.

This algorithm can't be changed or customized.


````smart header="Chaining"
Every `map.set` call returns the map itself, so we can "chain" the calls:

```js
map.set('1', 'str1')
  .set(1, 'num1')
  .set(true, 'bool1');



## Iteration over Map

For looping over a `map`, there are 3 methods:

- `map.keys()` -- returns an iterable for keys,
- `map.values()` -- returns an iterable for values,
- `map.entries()` -- returns an iterable for entries `[key, value]`, it's used by default in `for..of`.

For instance:

```js run
let recipeMap = new Map([
  ['cucumber', 500],
  ['tomatoes', 350],
  ['onion',    50]
]);

// iterate over keys (vegetables)
for (let vegetable of recipeMap.keys()) {
  alert(vegetable); // cucumber, tomatoes, onion
}

// iterate over values (amounts)
for (let amount of recipeMap.values()) {
  alert(amount); // 500, 350, 50
}

// iterate over [key, value] entries
for (let entry of recipeMap) { // the same as of recipeMap.entries()
  alert(entry); // cucumber,500 (and so on)
}
```

```smart header="The insertion order is used"
The iteration goes in the same order as the values were inserted. `Map` preserves this order, unlike a regular `Object`.
```

Besides that, `Map` has a built-in `forEach` method, similar to `Array`:

```js
// runs the function for each (key, value) pair
recipeMap.forEach( (value, key, map) => {
  alert(`${key}: ${value}`); // cucumber: 500 etc
});
```

## Object.entries: Map from Object

When a `Map` is created, we can pass an array (or another iterable) with key/value pairs for initialization, like this:

```js run
// array of [key, value] pairs
let map = new Map([
  ['1',  'str1'],
  [1,    'num1'],
  [true, 'bool1']
]);

alert( map.get('1') ); // str1
```

If we have a plain object, and we'd like to create a `Map` from it, then we can use built-in method [Object.entries(obj)](mdn:js/Object/entries) that returns an array of key/value pairs for an object exactly in that format.

So we can create a map from an object like this:

```js run
let obj = {
  name: "John",
  age: 30
};

*!*
let map = new Map(Object.entries(obj));
*/!*

alert( map.get('name') ); // John
```

Here, `Object.entries` returns the array of key/value pairs: `[ ["name","John"], ["age", 30] ]`. That's what `Map` needs.


## Object.fromEntries: Object from Map

We've just seen how to create `Map` from a plain object with `Object.entries(obj)`.

There's `Object.fromEntries` method that does the reverse: given an array of `[key, value]` pairs, it creates an object from them:

```js run
let prices = Object.fromEntries([
  ['banana', 1],
  ['orange', 2],
  ['meat', 4]
]);

// now prices = { banana: 1, orange: 2, meat: 4 }

alert(prices.orange); // 2
```

We can use `Object.fromEntries` to get a plain object from `Map`.

E.g. we store the data in a `Map`, but we need to pass it to a 3rd-party code that expects a plain object.

Here we go:

```js run
let map = new Map();
map.set('banana', 1);
map.set('orange', 2);
map.set('meat', 4);

*!*
let obj = Object.fromEntries(map.entries()); // make a plain object (*)
*/!*

// done!
// obj = { banana: 1, orange: 2, meat: 4 }

alert(obj.orange); // 2
```

A call to `map.entries()` returns an iterable of key/value pairs, exactly in the right format for `Object.fromEntries`.

We could also make line `(*)` shorter:
```js
let obj = Object.fromEntries(map); // omit .entries()
```

That's the same, because `Object.fromEntries` expects an iterable object as the argument. Not necessarily an array. And the standard iteration for `map` returns same key/value pairs as `map.entries()`. So we get a plain object with same key/values as the `map`.

## Set

A `Set` is a special type collection - "set of values" (without keys), where each value may occur only once.

Its main methods are:

- `new Set(iterable)` -- creates the set, and if an `iterable` object is provided (usually an array), copies values from it into the set.
- `set.add(value)` -- adds a value, returns the set itself.
- `set.delete(value)` -- removes the value, returns `true` if `value` existed at the moment of the call, otherwise `false`.
- `set.has(value)` -- returns `true` if the value exists in the set, otherwise `false`.
- `set.clear()` -- removes everything from the set.
- `set.size` -- is the elements count.

The main feature is that repeated calls of `set.add(value)` with the same value don't do anything. That's the reason why each value appears in a `Set` only once.

For example, we have visitors coming, and we'd like to remember everyone. But repeated visits should not lead to duplicates. A visitor must be "counted" only once.

`Set` is just the right thing for that:

```js run
let set = new Set();

let john = { name: "John" };
let pete = { name: "Pete" };
let mary = { name: "Mary" };

// visits, some users come multiple times
set.add(john);
set.add(pete);
set.add(mary);
set.add(john);
set.add(mary);

// set keeps only unique values
alert( set.size ); // 3

for (let user of set) {
  alert(user.name); // John (then Pete and Mary)
}
```

The alternative to `Set` could be an array of users, and the code to check for duplicates on every insertion using [arr.find](mdn:js/Array/find). But the performance would be much worse, because this method walks through the whole array checking every element. `Set` is much better optimized internally for uniqueness checks.

## Iteration over Set

We can loop over a set either with `for..of` or using `forEach`:

```js run
let set = new Set(["oranges", "apples", "bananas"]);

for (let value of set) alert(value);

// the same with forEach:
set.forEach((value, valueAgain, set) => {
  alert(value);
});
```

Note the funny thing. The callback function passed in `forEach` has 3 arguments: a `value`, then *the same value* `valueAgain`, and then the target object. Indeed, the same value appears in the arguments twice.

That's for compatibility with `Map` where the callback passed `forEach` has three arguments. Looks a bit strange, for sure. But may help to replace `Map` with `Set` in certain cases with ease, and vice versa.

The same methods `Map` has for iterators are also supported:

- `set.keys()` -- returns an iterable object for values,
- `set.values()` -- same as `set.keys()`, for compatibility with `Map`,
- `set.entries()` -- returns an iterable object for entries `[value, value]`, exists for compatibility with `Map`.

## Summary

`Map` -- is a collection of keyed values.

Methods and properties:

- `new Map([iterable])` -- creates the map, with optional `iterable` (e.g. array) of `[key,value]` pairs for initialization.
- `map.set(key, value)` -- stores the value by the key, returns the map itself.
- `map.get(key)` -- returns the value by the key, `undefined` if `key` doesn't exist in map.
- `map.has(key)` -- returns `true` if the `key` exists, `false` otherwise.
- `map.delete(key)` -- removes the value by the key, returns `true` if `key` existed at the moment of the call, otherwise `false`.
- `map.clear()` -- removes everything from the map.
- `map.size` -- returns the current element count.

The differences from a regular `Object`:

- Any keys, objects can be keys.
- Additional convenient methods, the `size` property.

`Set` -- is a collection of unique values.

Methods and properties:

- `new Set([iterable])` -- creates the set, with optional `iterable` (e.g. array) of values for initialization.
- `set.add(value)` -- adds a value (does nothing if `value` exists), returns the set itself.
- `set.delete(value)` -- removes the value, returns `true` if `value` existed at the moment of the call, otherwise `false`.
- `set.has(value)` -- returns `true` if the value exists in the set, otherwise `false`.
- `set.clear()` -- removes everything from the set.
- `set.size` -- is the elements count.

Iteration over `Map` and `Set` is always in the insertion order, so we can't say that these collections are unordered, but we can't reorder elements or directly get an element by its number.

Map Set

Map